The reverse osmosis systems that showed up under American kitchen sinks for thirty years all shared a piece of hardware that had nothing to do with filtration: a squat, air-charged pressure tank, usually a foot tall, sitting between the last filter housing and the faucet. It was there because reverse osmosis membranes are slow — a classic unit produces water at a trickle compared to a kitchen tap — so the tank's whole job was to stockpile a few gallons in advance and release them fast when you turned the handle. Without it, the faucet would run at a fraction of normal speed.
"Tankless" removes that piece. It does not remove the membrane, the pre-filters, or the RO process itself — a tankless system still forces water through a semi-permeable membrane and still sends a portion to the drain, the same as a system with a tank. What changes is what happens after the membrane. Instead of accumulating slowly in a bladder tank until you draw it down, the water is produced closer to the rate you'd actually use it, so there's nothing sitting in storage waiting to be poured.
That's possible because tankless units add a small booster pump ahead of or at the membrane, raising the pressure the membrane sees and, with it, the rate of production. A pump is also the reason most tankless systems ship with a power brick — more on that in the power section below — and it's the mechanical trade at the center of this whole category: you gain speed and give back cabinet space, in exchange for a plug and, on most models, a somewhat more complex piece of equipment than three passive canisters and a tank. If you're not sure reverse osmosis is even the filtration level you need in the first place, our carbon filter vs. reverse osmosis comparison is the place to settle that before you shop by form factor.
One thing tankless does not change is what comes out of the faucet chemically. A membrane rated to reduce total dissolved solids does the same job whether the water passes straight to the tap or spends twenty minutes resting in a tank first — the tank was a buffer, not a filtration stage. If you want to understand what your system is actually removing and how to verify it's working, that's a separate question from tank versus tankless, and it's the subject of our guide to reading a TDS meter.